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Entities

Figure Abraham Lincoln
By Alice Historian

1809 – 1865

U.S. president who preserved the Union and abolished slavery.
Figure Ada Lovelace
By Alice Historian

1815 – 1852

Mathematician who wrote the first published computer algorithm.
Figure Adam Smith
By Alice Historian

1723 – 1790

Economist who analyzed markets and the division of labor.
Figure Adolf Hitler
By Alice Historian

1889 – 1945

Dictator of Nazi Germany and architect of World War II in Europe.
Figure Alan Turing
By Alice Historian

1912 – 1954

Mathematician who broke Enigma ciphers and founded computing theory.
Figure Albert Einstein
By Alice Historian

1879 – 1955

Physicist who developed relativity and reshaped modern science.
Place Alexandria
By Alice Historian

331 BCE

Ptolemaic capital and Mediterranean center of learning.
Event American Civil War
By Alice Historian

1861 – 1865

Conflict over slavery and union that reshaped the United States.
Event American Revolution
By Alice Historian

1775 – 1783

Colonial revolt that established the United States.
Figure Anne Frank
By Alice Historian

1929 – 1945

Jewish diarist whose wartime journal became a witness to the Holocaust.
Event Arab Spring
By Alice Historian

2010 – 2012

Wave of protests and uprisings across the Middle East and North Africa.
Event Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
By Alice Historian

1914

Sarajevo murder that triggered the July Crisis of 1914.
Event Assassination of Julius Caesar
By Alice Historian

44 BCE

Senate conspiracy that killed Caesar and opened the path to empire.
Place Athens
By Alice Historian

Classical city later absorbed by Rome; rediscovered in the Renaissance.
Other Atlantic Slave Trade
By Alice Historian

1500 – 1800

Forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas.
Event Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
By Alice Historian

1945

First use of a nuclear weapon in warfare.
Event Attack on Pearl Harbor
By Alice Historian

1941

Japanese strike that brought the United States into World War II.
Figure Augustus
By Alice Historian

63 BCE – 14 CE

First Roman emperor; established the Principate after civil war.
Place Auschwitz
By Alice Historian

1940 – 1945

Nazi concentration and extermination camp in occupied Poland.
Place Baghdad
By Alice Historian

762

Abbasid capital later sacked by Mongol armies.
Event Battle of Actium
By Alice Historian

31 BCE

Naval victory that made Octavian master of the Roman world.
Event Battle of Hastings
By Alice Historian

1066

Norman conquest of England under William the Conqueror.
Event Battle of Stalingrad
By Alice Historian

1942 – 1943

Turning-point Soviet victory on the Eastern Front.
Event Battle of Tours
By Alice Historian

732

Frankish victory that checked Umayyad expansion into Western Europe.
Event Battle of Waterloo
By Alice Historian

1815

Final defeat of Napoleon and end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Place Beijing
By Alice Historian

Capital of imperial and modern China.
Figure Benjamin Franklin
By Alice Historian

1706 – 1790

Printer, scientist, and diplomat of the American founding.
Place Berlin
By Alice Historian

Capital of Prussia, imperial Germany, the Third Reich, and reunified Germany.
Event Black Death
By Alice Historian

1347 – 1351

Pandemic that killed tens of millions across Eurasia.
Event Brexit Referendum
By Alice Historian

2016

UK vote to leave the European Union.
Other British Empire
By Alice Historian

1600 – 1997

Global imperial system at its height under Queen Victoria.
Event COVID-19 Pandemic
By Alice Historian

2020 – 2022

Global health crisis that disrupted economies and daily life.
Place Cairo
By Alice Historian

969

Capital of Saladin's sultanate and later Ottoman Egypt.
Place Cape Town
By Alice Historian

1652

South African port near Robben Island, where Mandela was imprisoned.
Other Capitalism
By Alice Historian

1776

Market economic system analyzed by Smith and accelerated by industry.
Figure Catherine the Great
By Alice Historian

1729 – 1796

Empress who expanded and modernized the Russian Empire.
Figure Charlemagne
By Alice Historian

742 – 814

Frankish king crowned emperor, reviving imperial authority in Western Europe.
Figure Charles Darwin
By Alice Historian

1809 – 1882

Naturalist whose theory of evolution transformed biology.
Other Christianity
By Alice Historian

30

Religion that grew from Jesus's followers into Rome's imperial faith.
Figure Christopher Columbus
By Alice Historian

1451 – 1506

Genoese navigator whose Atlantic voyages opened the Americas to Europe.
Event Civil Rights Act
By Alice Historian

1964

U.S. law outlawing segregation and employment discrimination.
Figure Cleopatra
By Alice Historian

69 BCE – 30 BCE

Last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt; ally of Caesar and Antony.
Event Cold War
By Alice Historian

1947 – 1991

Geopolitical rivalry between the United States and Soviet Union.
Other Communism
By Alice Historian

1848

Political ideology derived from Marx and enacted by Lenin and Mao.
Event Congress of Vienna
By Alice Historian

1814 – 1815

Peace settlement that redrew Europe after Napoleon.
Figure Constantine the Great
By Alice Historian

272 – 337

Roman emperor who legalized Christianity and founded Constantinople.
Place Constantinople
By Alice Historian

330 – 1453

Capital of the Byzantine Empire and later Ottoman Istanbul.
Event Coronation of Charlemagne
By Alice Historian

800

Papal crowning of Charlemagne as emperor in Rome.
Event Council of Nicaea
By Alice Historian

325

First ecumenical council defining core Christian doctrine.
Event Cuban Missile Crisis
By Alice Historian

1962

Superpower confrontation that brought the world near nuclear war.
Event D-Day
By Alice Historian

1944

Allied amphibious invasion opening the Western Front in France.
Event Defeat of the Spanish Armada
By Alice Historian

1588

English naval victory securing Protestant England against invasion.
Place Delhi
By Alice Historian

Imperial and later national capital of India.
Figure Deng Xiaoping
By Alice Historian

1904 – 1997

Chinese leader who opened the economy after Mao.
Event Diet of Worms
By Alice Historian

1521

Imperial hearing at which Luther refused to recant.
Event Discovery of America
By Alice Historian

1492

Columbus's voyage opened sustained European contact with the Americas.
Event Dissolution of the Soviet Union
By Alice Historian

1991

Collapse of the USSR ending communist rule in Eastern Europe.
Figure Dwight D. Eisenhower
By Alice Historian

1890 – 1969

Supreme Allied commander in Europe and later U.S. president.
Event Edict of Milan
By Alice Historian

313

Imperial decree granting tolerance to Christians.
Figure Elizabeth I
By Alice Historian

1533 – 1603

Tudor queen who stabilized Protestant England and defeated the Armada.
Event Emancipation Proclamation
By Alice Historian

1863

Lincoln's order freeing enslaved people in rebel states.
Event End of Apartheid
By Alice Historian

1990 – 1994

Negotiated dismantling of racial rule in South Africa.
Other Enigma
By Alice Historian

1923 – 1945

German cipher machine broken by Allied codebreakers.
Other Enlightenment
By Alice Historian

1685 – 1815

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, rights, and progress.
Other European Union
By Alice Historian

1993

Political and economic union of European states.
Event Fall of Constantinople
By Alice Historian

1453

Ottoman capture of Byzantium ending the Eastern Roman Empire.
Event Fall of the Berlin Wall
By Alice Historian

1989

Symbol of Cold War division torn down as Germany reunified.
Event Fall of the Western Roman Empire
By Alice Historian

476

Deposition of Romulus Augustulus marked Rome's imperial end in the West.
Figure Fidel Castro
By Alice Historian

1926 – 2016

Cuban revolutionary who aligned with the Soviet Union.
Event First Crusade
By Alice Historian

1096 – 1099

Western Christian expedition to capture Jerusalem.
Place Florence
By Alice Historian

Tuscan city that incubated the Italian Renaissance.
Event Founding of the United Nations
By Alice Historian

1945

Creation of the postwar international peace organization.
Figure Franklin D. Roosevelt
By Alice Historian

1882 – 1945

U.S. president who led the New Deal and Allied war effort.
Figure Franz Ferdinand
By Alice Historian

1863 – 1914

Austro-Hungarian heir whose assassination precipitated World War I.
Figure Frederick Douglass
By Alice Historian

1818 – 1895

Abolitionist orator who escaped slavery and advised Lincoln.
Event French Revolution
By Alice Historian

1789 – 1799

Overthrow of the French monarchy and rise of republicanism.
Figure Galileo Galilei
By Alice Historian

1564 – 1642

Astronomer who championed heliocentrism and modern physics.
Place Geneva
By Alice Historian

Swiss city that hosted the League of Nations and Red Cross.
Figure Genghis Khan
By Alice Historian

1162 – 1227

Founder of the Mongol Empire, reshaping Eurasian trade and warfare.
Figure George Washington
By Alice Historian

1732 – 1799

Commander of the Continental Army and first U.S. president.
Place Gettysburg
By Alice Historian

Pennsylvania town of the Civil War's turning battle.
Event Glorious Revolution
By Alice Historian

1688 – 1689

Replacement of James II that established parliamentary monarchy in Britain.
Event Haitian Revolution
By Alice Historian

1791 – 1804

Slave revolt that created the first Black republic in the Americas.
Figure Harriet Tubman
By Alice Historian

1822 – 1913

Conductor of the Underground Railroad and Union scout.
Place Havana
By Alice Historian

Cuban capital at the center of the missile crisis.
Figure Henry VIII
By Alice Historian

1491 – 1547

English king who broke with Rome and founded the national church.
Event Hijra
By Alice Historian

622

Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina, starting the Islamic calendar.
Place Hiroshima
By Alice Historian

Japanese city destroyed by the first wartime atomic bomb.
Event Holocaust
By Alice Historian

1941 – 1945

Nazi genocide of six million Jews and millions of others.
Other Human Genome Project
By Alice Historian

1990 – 2003

International effort mapping the entire human DNA sequence.
Event Industrial Revolution
By Alice Historian

1760 – 1840

Mechanization and factory production transformed economies.
Other Internet
By Alice Historian

1969

Global network transforming communication and commerce.
Event Invasion of Iraq
By Alice Historian

2003 – 2011

U.S.-led war launched after the September 11 attacks.
Event Invention of the World Wide Web
By Alice Historian

1989

Berners-Lee's system of linked documents on the Internet.
Figure Isaac Newton
By Alice Historian

1643 – 1727

Formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Figure Isabella I of Castile
By Alice Historian

1451 – 1504

Queen who unified Spain and sponsored Columbus.
Other Islam
By Alice Historian

610

Faith proclaimed by Muhammad and spread from Mecca and Medina.
Figure J. Robert Oppenheimer
By Alice Historian

1904 – 1967

Physicist who directed the Manhattan Project.
Figure James Watt
By Alice Historian

1736 – 1819

Engineer whose steam engine improvements powered industry.
Place Jerusalem
By Alice Historian

Holy city for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Figure Jesus of Nazareth
By Alice Historian

4 BCE – 30 CE

Jewish teacher whose followers founded Christianity.
Figure Joan of Arc
By Alice Historian

1412 – 1431

French military leader who turned the tide of the Hundred Years' War.
Figure Johannes Gutenberg
By Alice Historian

1400 – 1468

Inventor of movable-type printing in Europe.
Figure John F. Kennedy
By Alice Historian

1917 – 1963

U.S. president during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the space race.
Figure Joseph Stalin
By Alice Historian

1878 – 1953

Soviet dictator who industrialized the USSR and led it in World War II.
Figure Julius Caesar
By Alice Historian

100 BCE – 44 BCE

Roman general and dictator whose career ended the Republic.
Figure Justinian I
By Alice Historian

482 – 565

Byzantine emperor who recodified Roman law and rebuilt Constantinople.
Figure Karl Marx
By Alice Historian

1818 – 1883

Philosopher and economist whose ideas shaped socialist movements.
Event Korean War
By Alice Historian

1950 – 1953

Cold War conflict on the Korean peninsula.
Place Kyoto
By Alice Historian

794

Former imperial capital of Japan, spared atomic bombing in 1945.
Other League of Nations
By Alice Historian

1920 – 1946

Interwar peace organization that preceded the United Nations.
Figure Leon Trotsky
By Alice Historian

1879 – 1940

Bolshevik organizer of the Red Army, later exiled by Stalin.
Figure Leonardo da Vinci
By Alice Historian

1452 – 1519

Renaissance polymath in art, anatomy, and engineering.
Place London
By Alice Historian

Capital of England and hub of the British Empire.
Figure Louis XVI
By Alice Historian

1754 – 1793

Last Bourbon king of the old regime, executed in the Revolution.
Event Magna Carta
By Alice Historian

1215

Charter limiting royal power and shaping constitutional law.
Figure Mahatma Gandhi
By Alice Historian

1869 – 1948

Leader of nonviolent resistance for Indian independence.
Place Manchester
By Alice Historian

English mill city at the heart of the Industrial Revolution.
Figure Mao Zedong
By Alice Historian

1893 – 1976

Founding leader of the People's Republic of China.
Figure Marco Polo
By Alice Historian

1254 – 1324

Venetian merchant whose travels documented Mongol China for Europe.
Event Marshall Plan
By Alice Historian

1948 – 1951

U.S. economic aid program rebuilding Western Europe.
Figure Martin Luther
By Alice Historian

1483 – 1546

German reformer whose theses sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Figure Martin Luther King Jr.
By Alice Historian

1929 – 1968

Civil rights leader who advanced racial equality in the United States.
Place Mecca
By Alice Historian

Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad.
Place Medina
By Alice Historian

City that received Muhammad after the Hijra and first Muslim capital.
Figure Michelangelo
By Alice Historian

1475 – 1564

Renaissance sculptor and painter of the Sistine Chapel.
Figure Mikhail Gorbachev
By Alice Historian

1931 – 2022

Soviet leader whose reforms helped end the Cold War.
Event Moon Landing
By Alice Historian

1969

Apollo 11 placed the first humans on the Moon.
Place Moscow
By Alice Historian

Capital of medieval Rus, the Tsars, and the Soviet Union.
Figure Muhammad
By Alice Historian

570 – 632

Prophet of Islam and founder of the Muslim community.
Other NATO
By Alice Historian

1949

Western military alliance formed during the Cold War.
Figure Napoleon Bonaparte
By Alice Historian

1769 – 1821

French general and emperor who reshaped European politics.
Other Napoleonic Code
By Alice Historian

1804

Civil law code that spread with Napoleon's conquests.
Other Natural Selection
By Alice Historian

1859

Darwin's mechanism explaining biological evolution.
Figure Neil Armstrong
By Alice Historian

1930 – 2012

Astronaut who first set foot on the Moon.
Figure Nelson Mandela
By Alice Historian

1918 – 2013

Anti-apartheid leader and first Black president of South Africa.
Place New York City
By Alice Historian

Global financial and cultural center; site of the 9/11 attacks.
Figure Nicolaus Copernicus
By Alice Historian

1473 – 1543

Astronomer who placed the Sun at the center of the planetary system.
Figure Nikita Khrushchev
By Alice Historian

1894 – 1971

Soviet premier who confronted Kennedy over missiles in Cuba.
Place Normandy
By Alice Historian

Region of France where Allied forces landed on D-Day.
Other Nuclear Weapons
By Alice Historian

1945

Explosive technology first used at Hiroshima.
Place Nuremberg
By Alice Historian

Bavarian city of Nazi rallies and postwar war-crimes trials.
Event Nuremberg Trials
By Alice Historian

1945 – 1946

Allied prosecutions of Nazi leaders for war crimes.
Event October Revolution
By Alice Historian

1917

Bolshevik seizure of power in Petrograd.
Figure Osama bin Laden
By Alice Historian

1957 – 2011

Founder of al-Qaeda and planner of the September 11 attacks.
Figure Otto von Bismarck
By Alice Historian

1815 – 1898

Prussian statesman who unified Germany through war and diplomacy.
Place Paris
By Alice Historian

Capital of France and center of revolution, empire, and culture.
Other Paris Agreement
By Alice Historian

2015

Global treaty committing nations to limit climate change.
Event Paris Commune
By Alice Historian

1871

Radical municipal government crushed after the Franco-Prussian War.
Figure Paul the Apostle
By Alice Historian

5 – 67

Missionary who spread Christianity through the Roman world.
Place Pearl Harbor
By Alice Historian

U.S. naval base in Hawaii attacked in 1941.
Figure Peter the Great
By Alice Historian

1672 – 1725

Tsar who westernized Russia and founded St. Petersburg.
Place Philadelphia
By Alice Historian

1682

City where the Declaration of Independence was adopted.
Other Printing Press
By Alice Historian

1450

Movable-type printing spread knowledge across Europe.
Event Printing of the Gutenberg Bible
By Alice Historian

1455

First major European book produced with movable type.
Event Protestant Reformation
By Alice Historian

1517

Religious schism beginning with Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church.
Event Publication of On the Origin of Species
By Alice Historian

1859

Darwin's book that established evolution by natural selection.
Figure Queen Victoria
By Alice Historian

1819 – 1901

British monarch at the height of the Victorian era and empire.
Other Relativity
By Alice Historian

1905 – 1915

Einstein's theories of space, time, and gravity.
Other Renaissance
By Alice Historian

1400 – 1600

Cultural rebirth of classical learning in Italy and Europe.
Figure Richard I
By Alice Historian

1157 – 1199

English king who led the Third Crusade against Saladin.
Other Roman Catholic Church
By Alice Historian

30

Western Christian institution centered on Rome and the papacy.
Place Rome
By Alice Historian

Capital of the Roman Empire and later seat of the Papacy.
Figure Ronald Reagan
By Alice Historian

1911 – 2004

U.S. president who negotiated nuclear arms cuts with Gorbachev.
Event Russian Revolution
By Alice Historian

1917

Bolshevik seizure of power ending tsarist rule.
Event Sack of Baghdad
By Alice Historian

1258

Mongol destruction of the Abbasid capital.
Figure Saladin
By Alice Historian

1137 – 1193

Sultan who recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
Other Scientific Revolution
By Alice Historian

1543 – 1687

Emergence of experimental science and modern methods.
Event September 11 Attacks
By Alice Historian

2001

Terrorist hijackings that destroyed the World Trade Center.
Event Signing of the Declaration of Independence
By Alice Historian

1776

American colonies declared separation from Britain.
Place Silicon Valley
By Alice Historian

1970

California region central to the digital and internet economy.
Other Silk Road
By Alice Historian

200 BCE – 1450

Eurasian trade routes linking China to the Mediterranean.
Figure Simon Bolivar
By Alice Historian

1783 – 1830

Liberator who led independence movements across South America.
Event Spanish Inquisition
By Alice Historian

1478 – 1834

Royal tribunal enforcing Catholic orthodoxy in Spain.
Place St. Petersburg
By Alice Historian

1703

Imperial capital founded by Peter the Great on the Baltic.
Other Steam Engine
By Alice Historian

1712

Key technology powering industrial factories and railways.
Event Storming of the Bastille
By Alice Historian

1789

Paris uprising that became the emblem of the French Revolution.
Figure Thomas Jefferson
By Alice Historian

1743 – 1826

Principal author of the Declaration of Independence and third U.S. president.
Event Tiananmen Square Protests
By Alice Historian

1989

Student-led demonstrations crushed in Beijing.
Figure Tim Berners-Lee
By Alice Historian

b. 1955

Engineer who invented the World Wide Web.
Figure Toussaint Louverture
By Alice Historian

1743 – 1803

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against slavery and colonial rule.
Event Treaty of Versailles
By Alice Historian

1919

Peace settlement that formally ended World War I.
Event Unification of Germany
By Alice Historian

1871

Proclamation of the German Empire after Prussian victories.
Place Vatican City
By Alice Historian

1929

Seat of the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority.
Place Venice
By Alice Historian

Maritime republic and home of Marco Polo.
Place Vienna
By Alice Historian

Habsburg capital occupied by Napoleon and seat of the 1815 congress.
Event Vietnam War
By Alice Historian

1955 – 1975

Prolonged Cold War war in Southeast Asia.
Figure Vladimir Lenin
By Alice Historian

1870 – 1924

Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and founder of the Soviet state.
Figure Voltaire
By Alice Historian

1694 – 1778

Enlightenment writer who attacked intolerance and absolute monarchy.
Event Wall Street Crash
By Alice Historian

1929

Stock market collapse that triggered the Great Depression.
Place Warsaw
By Alice Historian

Polish capital destroyed in World War II and site of the ghetto uprising.
Place Washington, D.C.
By Alice Historian

1800

Capital of the United States since 1800.
Figure William the Conqueror
By Alice Historian

1028 – 1087

Duke of Normandy who conquered England at Hastings.
Figure Winston Churchill
By Alice Historian

1874 – 1965

British prime minister who rallied the UK through World War II.
Place Wittenberg
By Alice Historian

Saxon town where Luther posted the Ninety-five Theses.
Figure Woodrow Wilson
By Alice Historian

1856 – 1924

U.S. president who took America into World War I and championed the League of Nations.
Other World Health Organization
By Alice Historian

1948

UN agency coordinating international public health.
Event World War I
By Alice Historian

1914 – 1918

Global war that destroyed empires and redrew the map of Europe.
Event World War II
By Alice Historian

1939 – 1945

Global conflict involving every major power and mass atrocity.
Place Yalta
By Alice Historian

Crimean resort where Allied leaders planned the postwar order.